Literature & Forms

The prices of securities of gold and precious metals producers have been subject to substantial price fluctuations over short periods of time and may be affected by unpredictable international monetary and political developments such as currency devaluations or revaluations, economic and social conditions within a country, trade imbalances, or trade or currency restrictions between countries. The prices of gold and other precious metals may decline versus the dollar, which would adversely affect the market prices of the securities of gold and precious metals producers. Because the Fund concentrates its investments in the gold mining industry, a development adversely affecting that industry (for example, changes in the mining laws which increase production costs) would have a greater adverse effect on the Fund than it would if the Fund invested in a number of different industries.

Many of the companies in which the Fund invests are smaller capitalization companies (namely, companies with a market capitalization of $4 billion or less). Smaller capitalization companies typically have relatively lower revenues, limited product lines, lack of management depth and a smaller share of the market for their products or services than larger capitalization companies. The stocks of smaller capitalization companies tend to have less trading volume than stocks of larger capitalization companies. Less trading volume may make it more difficult for the investment adviser to sell stocks of smaller capitalization companies at quoted market prices. Finally, there are periods when investing in smaller capitalization stocks falls out of favor with investors and the stocks of smaller capitalization companies underperform.

Medium capitalization companies tend to be more susceptible to adverse business or economic events than large capitalization companies, and there is a risk that the securities of medium capitalization companies may have limited liquidity and greater price volatility than securities of large capitalization companies.

There are risks associated with investing in foreign common stocks that are in addition to the risks associated with investing in U.S. common stocks. The U.S. dollar value of foreign securities traded in foreign currencies (and any dividends and interest earned) may be affected unfavorably by changes in foreign currency exchange rates. An increase in the U.S. dollar relative to the foreign currencies in which securities held by the Fund are traded will adversely affect the Fund. The Fund may invest in stocks of foreign companies that are classified under the Internal Revenue Code as passive foreign investment companies (“PFICs”). To the extent that the Fund invests in these securities, the Fund may be subject to an interest charge in addition to federal income tax (at ordinary income rates) on (i) any “excess distribution” received on the stock of a PFIC, or (ii) any gain from disposition of PFIC stock that was acquired in an earlier taxable year. This interest charge and ordinary income tax treatment may apply even if the Fund distributes such income as a taxable dividend to its shareholders. To the extent possible, the Fund will adopt tax strategies to avoid the interest charge and the ordinary income tax treatment. Such tax strategies may accelerate the recognition of income by the Fund (without the receipt of cash) and increase the amount required to be distributed by the Fund to avoid taxation. In addition, such tax strategies may require the Fund to liquidate other investments to meet its distribution requirement (including when it may not be advantageous for the Fund to liquidate such investments), which may accelerate the recognition of gain and affect the Fund’s total return. Foreign securities markets tend to have less trading volume and are more volatile than U.S. securities markets. Less trading volume makes it more difficult to sell foreign securities at quoted prices. There is the risk that political, social or economic events in a country may adversely affect the Fund’s investments in the country. There is the risk that investors in a foreign securities market may not be afforded the same protections as investors in U.S. securities markets. This is also the risk that it may be more difficult, costly and slower to enforce legal rights of the Fund in foreign countries.